Science behind this product:Alpha Arbutin has a similar structure as tyrosine (a nonessential amino acid that binds with tyrosinase to catalyze melanin synthesis). Due to its perfect affinity for active sites of tyrosinase Alpha Arbutin blocks tyrosine. It is thereby inhibiting melanin production without affecting cell viability, unlike Kojic Acid, which decreases tyrosine production and can be cytotoxic. Alpha Arbutin present in this serum has a very low IC50 value (IC50 is a measure of the potency of the compound in inhibiting a biochemical function. Low value means even less concentration of active is effective and more potent). It is scientifically proven to show effects even at lower concentrations. Also, every Arbutin is not the same. Beta Arbutin, commonly used in Arbutin serums, is cheap and less effective. According to the AAD, when you stop what is causing dark spots and protect your skin from damage by UV rays, then fading is effective and fast. This serum exhibits both anti