Provides comprehensive coverage of the chemical interactions among organic and inorganic solids, air, water, microorganisms, and the plant roots in soil This book focuses on the species and reaction processes of chemicals in soils, with applications to environmental and agricultural issues. Topics range from discussion of fundamental chemical processes to review of properties and reactions of chemicals in the environment. This new edition contains more examples, more illustrations, more details of calculations, and reorganized material within the chapters, including nearly 100 new equations and 51 new figures. Each section also ends with an important concepts overview as well as new questions for readers to answer. Starting with an introduction to the subject, Soil Chemistry, 5th Edition offers in-depth coverage of properties of elements and molecules; characteristics of chemicals in soils; soil water chemistry; redox reactions in soils; mineralogy and weathering processes in soils; and chemistry of soil clays. The book also provides chapters that examine production and chemistry of soil organic matter; surface properties of soil colloids; adsorption processes in soils; measuring and predicting sorption processes in soils; soil acidity; and salt-affected soils. Provides a basic description of important research and fundamental knowledge in the field of soil chemistryContains more than 200 references provided in figure and table captions and at the end of the chaptersExtensively revised with updated figures and tables Soil Chemistry, 5th Edition is an excellent text for senior-level soil chemistry students. Table of Contents Preface to Fifth Edition xii Preface to Fourth Edition xiii Acknowledgments xiv 1 Introduction to Soil Chemistry 1 1.1 The soil chemistry discipline 1 1.2 Historical background 3 1.3 The soil environment 6 1.3.1 Soil chemical and biological interfaces 6 1.3.2 Soil solids 10 1.3.3 Soil interaction with the hydrosphere 11 1.3.4 Interaction of soil and the atmosphere 12 1.4 Chemical reactions in soils 15 1.4.1 Flow of chemical energy in soils 17 1.4.2 Soil chemical speciation 18 1.4.3 Chemical reaction types in soils 19 1.5 Soil biogeochemical cycling 22 1.6 Soil chemical influences on food production 22 1.7 Soils and environmental health 23 1.7.1 Soil chemistry and environmental toxicology 24 1.8 Units in soil chemistry 26 1.8.1 Converting units 26 1.9 Summary of important concepts in soil chemistry 26 Questions 29 Bibliography 29 2 Properties of Elements and Molecules 31 2.1 Introduction 31 2.2 Ionization and ionic charge 33 2.3 Ionic radius 33 2.4 Molecular bonds 36 2.5 Nature of water and hydration of ions 37 2.6 Ligands and metal bonds 40 2.7 Summary of important concepts of elemental and molecular properties 42 Questions 42 Bibliography 42 3 Characteristics of Chemicals in Soils 43 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Occurrence of elements in soils 43 3.3 Essential elements 47 3.3.1 Plant deficiency 49 3.4 Inorganic contaminants in the environment 49 3.4.1 Assessing contamination status of soils 51 3.5 Anthropogenic organic chemicals in the soil environment 53 3.5.1 Pesticides in the environment 54 3.5.2 Chemicals of emerging concern in the environment 54 3.5.3 Chemical factors affecting organic chemical reactions in soil 57 3.6 Properties of the elements in soils 58 3.6.1 Alkali and alkaline earth cations 59 3.6.2 Major soluble anions in soils 61 3.6.3 Poorly soluble anions 63 3.6.4 Poorly soluble metal cations 67 3.6.5 Common toxic elements in soils 69 3.6.6 Major biogeochemical elements: carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur 71 3.7 Summary of important concepts for chemicals in the soil environment 75 Questions 75 Bibliography 76 4 Soil Water Chemistry 77 4.1 Introduction 77 4.2 Thermodynamic approach to aqueous soil chemistry 78 4.2.1 Example using thermodynamics to calculate gypsum solubility in soils 79 4.2.2 Types of equilibrium constants 82 4.3 Calculation of ion activity 83 4.3.1 Use of ionic strength to calculate activity coefficients 84 4.3.2 Example calculation of activity coefficient 86 4.4 Acids and bases 86 4.4.1 Bases 87 4.4.2 Weak acids 87 4.5 Gas dissolution 89 4.5.1 Predicting dissolution of ammonia in water 90 4.5.2 Predicting pH of water due to CO 2 dissolution 91 4.6 Precipitation and dissolution reactions 91 4.6.1 Solubility of minerals 92 4.6.2 Iron and aluminum dissolution from oxides and hydroxides 93 4.6.3 Calcite and carbon dioxide in soils 95 4.6.4 Solubility of minerals in soils 97 4.6.5 Solubility of contaminant metals from minerals 100 4.7 Cation hydrolysis 102 4.8 Complexation 105 4.8.1 Predicting equilibrium for complexation reactions 106 4.8.2 Chelate reactions with metals 106 4.8.3 Trends in cation ligand affinity 109 4.8.4 Predicting complexation using the hard and soft acid-base (HASB) concept 110 4.9 Using software to predict soil solution equilibrium 110 4.10 Kinetics of chemical reaction in soil solution 111 4.11 Summary of important concepts for soil solution chem
Provides comprehensive coverage of the chemical interactions among organic and inorganic solids, air, water, microorganisms, and the plant roots in soil This book focuses on the species and reaction processes of chemicals in soils, with applications to environmental and agricultural issues. Topics range from discussion of fundamental chemical processes to review of properties and reactions of chemicals in the environment. This new edition contains more examples, more illustrations, more details of calculations, and reorganized material within the chapters, including nearly 100 new equations and 51 new figures. Each section also ends with an important concepts overview as well as new questions for readers to answer. Starting with an introduction to the subject, Soil Chemistry, 5th Edition offers in-depth coverage of properties of elements and molecules; characteristics of chemicals in soils; soil water chemistry; redox reactions in soils; mineralogy and weathering processes in soils; and chemistry of soil clays. The book also provides chapters that examine production and chemistry of soil organic matter; surface properties of soil colloids; adsorption processes in soils; measuring and predicting sorption processes in soils; soil acidity; and salt-affected soils. Provides a basic description of important research and fundamental knowledge in the field of soil chemistryContains more than 200 references provided in figure and table captions and at the end of the chaptersExtensively revised with updated figures and tables Soil Chemistry, 5th Edition is an excellent text for senior-level soil chemistry students. Table of Contents Preface to Fifth Edition xii Preface to Fourth Edition xiii Acknowledgments xiv 1 Introduction to Soil Chemistry 1 1.1 The soil chemistry discipline 1 1.2 Historical background 3 1.3 The soil environment 6 1.3.1 Soil chemical and biological interfaces 6 1.3.2 Soil solids 10 1.3.3 Soil interaction with the hydrosphere 11 1.3.4 Interaction of soil and the atmosphere 12 1.4 Chemical reactions in soils 15 1.4.1 Flow of chemical energy in soils 17 1.4.2 Soil chemical speciation 18 1.4.3 Chemical reaction types in soils 19 1.5 Soil biogeochemical cycling 22 1.6 Soil chemical influences on food production 22 1.7 Soils and environmental health 23 1.7.1 Soil chemistry and environmental toxicology 24 1.8 Units in soil chemistry 26 1.8.1 Converting units 26 1.9 Summary of important concepts in soil chemistry 26 Questions 29 Bibliography 29 2 Properties of Elements and Molecules 31 2.1 Introduction 31 2.2 Ionization and ionic charge 33 2.3 Ionic radius 33 2.4 Molecular bonds 36 2.5 Nature of water and hydration of ions 37 2.6 Ligands and metal bonds 40 2.7 Summary of important concepts of elemental and molecular properties 42 Questions 42 Bibliography 42 3 Characteristics of Chemicals in Soils 43 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Occurrence of elements in soils 43 3.3 Essential elements 47 3.3.1 Plant deficiency 49 3.4 Inorganic contaminants in the environment 49 3.4.1 Assessing contamination status of soils 51 3.5 Anthropogenic organic chemicals in the soil environment 53 3.5.1 Pesticides in the environment 54 3.5.2 Chemicals of emerging concern in the environment 54 3.5.3 Chemical factors affecting organic chemical reactions in soil 57 3.6 Properties of the elements in soils 58 3.6.1 Alkali and alkaline earth cations 59 3.6.2 Major soluble anions in soils 61 3.6.3 Poorly soluble anions 63 3.6.4 Poorly soluble metal cations 67 3.6.5 Common toxic elements in soils 69 3.6.6 Major biogeochemical elements: carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur 71 3.7 Summary of important concepts for chemicals in the soil environment 75 Questions 75 Bibliography 76 4 Soil Water Chemistry 77 4.1 Introduction 77 4.2 Thermodynamic approach to aqueous soil chemistry 78 4.2.1 Example using thermodynamics to calculate gypsum solubility in soils 79 4.2.2 Types of equilibrium constants 82 4.3 Calculation of ion activity 83 4.3.1 Use of ionic strength to calculate activity coefficients 84 4.3.2 Example calculation of activity coefficient 86 4.4 Acids and bases 86 4.4.1 Bases 87 4.4.2 Weak acids 87 4.5 Gas dissolution 89 4.5.1 Predicting dissolution of ammonia in water 90 4.5.2 Predicting pH of water due to CO 2 dissolution 91 4.6 Precipitation and dissolution reactions 91 4.6.1 Solubility of minerals 92 4.6.2 Iron and aluminum dissolution from oxides and hydroxides 93 4.6.3 Calcite and carbon dioxide in soils 95 4.6.4 Solubility of minerals in soils 97 4.6.5 Solubility of contaminant metals from minerals 100 4.7 Cation hydrolysis 102 4.8 Complexation 105 4.8.1 Predicting equilibrium for complexation reactions 106 4.8.2 Chelate reactions with metals 106 4.8.3 Trends in cation ligand affinity 109 4.8.4 Predicting complexation using the hard and soft acid-base (HASB) concept 110 4.9 Using software to predict soil solution equilibrium 110 4.10 Kinetics of chemical reaction in soil solution 111 4.11 Summary of important concepts for soil solution chem
in 7 offers
Provides comprehensive coverage of the chemical interactions among organic and inorganic solids, air, water, microorganisms, and the plant roots in soil This book focuses on the species and reaction processes of chemicals in soils, with applications to environmental and agricultural issues. Topics range from discussion of fundamental chemical processes to review of properties and reactions of chemicals in the environment. This new edition contains more examples, more illustrations, more details of calculations, and reorganized material within the chapters, including nearly 100 new equations and 51 new figures. Each section also ends with an important concepts overview as well as new questions for readers to answer. Starting with an introduction to the subject, Soil Chemistry, 5th Edition offers in-depth coverage of properties of elements and molecules; characteristics of chemicals in soils; soil water chemistry; redox reactions in soils; mineralogy and weathering processes in soils; and chemistry of soil clays. The book also provides chapters that examine production and chemistry of soil organic matter; surface properties of soil colloids; adsorption processes in soils; measuring and predicting sorption processes in soils; soil acidity; and salt-affected soils. Provides a basic description of important research and fundamental knowledge in the field of soil chemistryContains more than 200 references provided in figure and table captions and at the end of the chaptersExtensively revised with updated figures and tables Soil Chemistry, 5th Edition is an excellent text for senior-level soil chemistry students. Table of Contents Preface to Fifth Edition xii Preface to Fourth Edition xiii Acknowledgments xiv 1 Introduction to Soil Chemistry 1 1.1 The soil chemistry discipline 1 1.2 Historical background 3 1.3 The soil environment 6 1.3.1 Soil chemical and biological interfaces 6 1.3.2 Soil solids 10 1.3.3 Soil interaction with the hydrosphere 11 1.3.4 Interaction of soil and the atmosphere 12 1.4 Chemical reactions in soils 15 1.4.1 Flow of chemical energy in soils 17 1.4.2 Soil chemical speciation 18 1.4.3 Chemical reaction types in soils 19 1.5 Soil biogeochemical cycling 22 1.6 Soil chemical influences on food production 22 1.7 Soils and environmental health 23 1.7.1 Soil chemistry and environmental toxicology 24 1.8 Units in soil chemistry 26 1.8.1 Converting units 26 1.9 Summary of important concepts in soil chemistry 26 Questions 29 Bibliography 29 2 Properties of Elements and Molecules 31 2.1 Introduction 31 2.2 Ionization and ionic charge 33 2.3 Ionic radius 33 2.4 Molecular bonds 36 2.5 Nature of water and hydration of ions 37 2.6 Ligands and metal bonds 40 2.7 Summary of important concepts of elemental and molecular properties 42 Questions 42 Bibliography 42 3 Characteristics of Chemicals in Soils 43 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Occurrence of elements in soils 43 3.3 Essential elements 47 3.3.1 Plant deficiency 49 3.4 Inorganic contaminants in the environment 49 3.4.1 Assessing contamination status of soils 51 3.5 Anthropogenic organic chemicals in the soil environment 53 3.5.1 Pesticides in the environment 54 3.5.2 Chemicals of emerging concern in the environment 54 3.5.3 Chemical factors affecting organic chemical reactions in soil 57 3.6 Properties of the elements in soils 58 3.6.1 Alkali and alkaline earth cations 59 3.6.2 Major soluble anions in soils 61 3.6.3 Poorly soluble anions 63 3.6.4 Poorly soluble metal cations 67 3.6.5 Common toxic elements in soils 69 3.6.6 Major biogeochemical elements: carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur 71 3.7 Summary of important concepts for chemicals in the soil environment 75 Questions 75 Bibliography 76 4 Soil Water Chemistry 77 4.1 Introduction 77 4.2 Thermodynamic approach to aqueous soil chemistry 78 4.2.1 Example using thermodynamics to calculate gypsum solubility in soils 79 4.2.2 Types of equilibrium constants 82 4.3 Calculation of ion activity 83 4.3.1 Use of ionic strength to calculate activity coefficients 84 4.3.2 Example calculation of activity coefficient 86 4.4 Acids and bases 86 4.4.1 Bases 87 4.4.2 Weak acids 87 4.5 Gas dissolution 89 4.5.1 Predicting dissolution of ammonia in water 90 4.5.2 Predicting pH of water due to CO 2 dissolution 91 4.6 Precipitation and dissolution reactions 91 4.6.1 Solubility of minerals 92 4.6.2 Iron and aluminum dissolution from oxides and hydroxides 93 4.6.3 Calcite and carbon dioxide in soils 95 4.6.4 Solubility of minerals in soils 97 4.6.5 Solubility of contaminant metals from minerals 100 4.7 Cation hydrolysis 102 4.8 Complexation 105 4.8.1 Predicting equilibrium for complexation reactions 106 4.8.2 Chelate reactions with metals 106 4.8.3 Trends in cation ligand affinity 109 4.8.4 Predicting complexation using the hard and soft acid-base (HASB) concept 110 4.9 Using software to predict soil solution equilibrium 110 4.10 Kinetics of chemical reaction in soil solution 111 4.11 Summary of important concepts for soil solution chem
Provides comprehensive coverage of the chemical interactions among organic and inorganic solids, air, water, microorganisms, and the plant roots in soil This book focuses on the species and reaction processes of chemicals in soils, with applications to environmental and agricultural issues. Topics range from discussion of fundamental chemical processes to review of properties and reactions of chemicals in the environment. This new edition contains more examples, more illustrations, more details of calculations, and reorganized material within the chapters, including nearly 100 new equations and 51 new figures. Each section also ends with an important concepts overview as well as new questions for readers to answer. Starting with an introduction to the subject, Soil Chemistry, 5th Edition offers in-depth coverage of properties of elements and molecules; characteristics of chemicals in soils; soil water chemistry; redox reactions in soils; mineralogy and weathering processes in soils; and chemistry of soil clays. The book also provides chapters that examine production and chemistry of soil organic matter; surface properties of soil colloids; adsorption processes in soils; measuring and predicting sorption processes in soils; soil acidity; and salt-affected soils. Provides a basic description of important research and fundamental knowledge in the field of soil chemistryContains more than 200 references provided in figure and table captions and at the end of the chaptersExtensively revised with updated figures and tables Soil Chemistry, 5th Edition is an excellent text for senior-level soil chemistry students. Table of Contents Preface to Fifth Edition xii Preface to Fourth Edition xiii Acknowledgments xiv 1 Introduction to Soil Chemistry 1 1.1 The soil chemistry discipline 1 1.2 Historical background 3 1.3 The soil environment 6 1.3.1 Soil chemical and biological interfaces 6 1.3.2 Soil solids 10 1.3.3 Soil interaction with the hydrosphere 11 1.3.4 Interaction of soil and the atmosphere 12 1.4 Chemical reactions in soils 15 1.4.1 Flow of chemical energy in soils 17 1.4.2 Soil chemical speciation 18 1.4.3 Chemical reaction types in soils 19 1.5 Soil biogeochemical cycling 22 1.6 Soil chemical influences on food production 22 1.7 Soils and environmental health 23 1.7.1 Soil chemistry and environmental toxicology 24 1.8 Units in soil chemistry 26 1.8.1 Converting units 26 1.9 Summary of important concepts in soil chemistry 26 Questions 29 Bibliography 29 2 Properties of Elements and Molecules 31 2.1 Introduction 31 2.2 Ionization and ionic charge 33 2.3 Ionic radius 33 2.4 Molecular bonds 36 2.5 Nature of water and hydration of ions 37 2.6 Ligands and metal bonds 40 2.7 Summary of important concepts of elemental and molecular properties 42 Questions 42 Bibliography 42 3 Characteristics of Chemicals in Soils 43 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Occurrence of elements in soils 43 3.3 Essential elements 47 3.3.1 Plant deficiency 49 3.4 Inorganic contaminants in the environment 49 3.4.1 Assessing contamination status of soils 51 3.5 Anthropogenic organic chemicals in the soil environment 53 3.5.1 Pesticides in the environment 54 3.5.2 Chemicals of emerging concern in the environment 54 3.5.3 Chemical factors affecting organic chemical reactions in soil 57 3.6 Properties of the elements in soils 58 3.6.1 Alkali and alkaline earth cations 59 3.6.2 Major soluble anions in soils 61 3.6.3 Poorly soluble anions 63 3.6.4 Poorly soluble metal cations 67 3.6.5 Common toxic elements in soils 69 3.6.6 Major biogeochemical elements: carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur 71 3.7 Summary of important concepts for chemicals in the soil environment 75 Questions 75 Bibliography 76 4 Soil Water Chemistry 77 4.1 Introduction 77 4.2 Thermodynamic approach to aqueous soil chemistry 78 4.2.1 Example using thermodynamics to calculate gypsum solubility in soils 79 4.2.2 Types of equilibrium constants 82 4.3 Calculation of ion activity 83 4.3.1 Use of ionic strength to calculate activity coefficients 84 4.3.2 Example calculation of activity coefficient 86 4.4 Acids and bases 86 4.4.1 Bases 87 4.4.2 Weak acids 87 4.5 Gas dissolution 89 4.5.1 Predicting dissolution of ammonia in water 90 4.5.2 Predicting pH of water due to CO 2 dissolution 91 4.6 Precipitation and dissolution reactions 91 4.6.1 Solubility of minerals 92 4.6.2 Iron and aluminum dissolution from oxides and hydroxides 93 4.6.3 Calcite and carbon dioxide in soils 95 4.6.4 Solubility of minerals in soils 97 4.6.5 Solubility of contaminant metals from minerals 100 4.7 Cation hydrolysis 102 4.8 Complexation 105 4.8.1 Predicting equilibrium for complexation reactions 106 4.8.2 Chelate reactions with metals 106 4.8.3 Trends in cation ligand affinity 109 4.8.4 Predicting complexation using the hard and soft acid-base (HASB) concept 110 4.9 Using software to predict soil solution equilibrium 110 4.10 Kinetics of chemical reaction in soil solution 111 4.11 Summary of important concepts for soil solution chem
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